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<img src="Machine%20bellows_files/shapeimage_2.png" alt="PROTECT MACHINE SLIDES
or
HOW TO MAKE BELLOWS
By Joerg Hugel
M4. C4n
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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; line-height: 17.1475px;" class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" lang="--multilingual">The
slide ways of machine tools are very sensitive components and should
always be clean and free from any debris. The machines for industrial
production are carefully designed today with protective elements, not
only to keep the slide, slide ways and sensors clean but also avoid any
pollution of the environment. However, in the enthusiasts' workshops
this is not the standard. Most lathes and milling machines the author
has seen have no or at best very rudimentary devices for the protection
of the slide ways or lead screws. Clearly any protective cover needs
some space and reduces the usable travelling distances of the carriages,
slides or work heads. As long, as the machines are operated manually
the operator may be responsible for removing the swarf. For CNC
controlled machines another solution is necessary. For grinding
equipment an effective slide protection is a must because the dust of
abrasives together with the lubricant of the slides is a very efficient
lapping paste.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 403px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_1"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-1.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 403px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_1.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_2.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_3.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_4.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_5.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_6.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 402px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_7.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 1: A Sherline CNC mill with bellows<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">There
are different solutions to protect the sensitive components of a lathe,
milling or grinding machine. One very simple answer are bellows and
this short article will show, how they can be made. In Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">1</span>
is my Sherline milling machine, converted into a CNC machine. The slide
and lead screw of X-axis are protected from swarf in the design of the
machine but not the respective components for the Y-axis. Therefore, two
bellows were installed. One end is mounted to the cross slide, the
other ends are held by two flanges, fixed to the base plate by a spring
loaded ball detent. So the bellows can be easily lifted for cleaning and
lubricating the slide ways, no tool is necessary. In Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">2</span> the bellows for a Stent tool grinder is seen.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 403px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_2"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-2.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 403px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_8.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_9.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_10.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_11.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_12.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_13.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_14.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 402px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_15.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 2: Bellows for a Stent tool grinder<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">Figure <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">1</span>
shows the folding scheme for bellows. It is a simple matter to make
this from a sheet of paper. But with other materials, e.g. leather or
fabrics this would be difficult or even impossible. Paper has the
necessary stiffness and if folded becomes flexible at the edges. <br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 322px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_3"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Figure-1.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 322px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_16.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 320px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_17.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_18.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_19.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_20.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 320px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_21.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 321px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_22.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 321px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_23.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 321px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div>Figure <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">1</span>: The folding scheme for bellows<br></div>
<p class="paragraph_style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 15.4375px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">The bellows in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">3</span>
were commercially manufactured. To make these from different materials,
even from sheet metal, very special jigs are used. I would not go into
the details. But please notice, the folding scheme is different from
Figure <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">1</span>.
This has the property that the side parts of stretched bellows move
together, opposite to the behaviour of the bellows of Figure <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">1</span>. In the experience of the author these features are not really essential. <br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 399px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_4"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-3.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 399px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_24.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 397px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_25.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_26.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_27.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_28.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 397px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_29.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 398px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_30.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 398px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_31.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 398px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 3: An example of commercially manufactured bellows<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">Clearly
bellows from paper wouldn't be suitable for the purpose regarded here.
But a combination of paper, more precisely, polyester paper, and a&nbsp;
protective layer could be the solution. By accident the author received
a somewhat worn out protective cover for an ironing board. This is a
compound of a thin foam layer and a fabric which has a metalized
surface. The foam was easily scraped off. he metalized fabric together
with the polyester paper has proved to be the perfect material for
bellows for milling and grinding machines. <br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">Manufacturing Details<br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">First
it is necessary to make the design, a drawing with the folding lines.
In the compressed state the folding angles are zero, for the maximum
length a folding angle of 45 Deg. is recommended, however not more than
60 Deg. To avoid errors the lines should show the folding direction by
different line pattern or colours. An example is seen in Figure <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">2</span>.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 377px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_5"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Figure-2.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 378px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_32.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 375px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_33.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_34.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_35.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_36.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 375px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_37.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 376px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_38.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 376px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_39.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 376px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Figure 2: Drawing for the folding lines<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;"><br></span></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 375px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_6"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-4.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 375px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_40.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 373px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_41.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_42.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_43.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_44.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 373px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_45.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 374px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_46.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 374px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_47.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 374px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 4: Polyester paper and metalized fabric<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;"><br></span></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">The materials for the bellows can be seen in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">4</span>. The drawing for the folding lines is now transferred to a sheet of polyester paper as seen in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">4</span>a. Recommended grade is&nbsp; 120 to 180 g/mm<span class="style_2" style="line-height: 11.3841px;">2</span>,
equivalent to 0,1 to 0,15 mm thickness. In this case the drawing was
made with an inkjet printer. However, to dry the drawing takes several
hours if not a day. A laser printer cannot be used, because the
polyester paper becomes warped by the heat. But as seen in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">4</span>b
the polyester paper is available with a millimetre grid and then a
manual drawing of the folding lines is really a simple matter. In Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">4</span> c the metalized fabric is shown from the rear side.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 165px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_7"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-5.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 166px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_48.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 163px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_49.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_50.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_51.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_52.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 163px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_53.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 164px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_54.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 164px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_55.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 164px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 5: Two folding legs<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;"><br></span></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">Now
the polyester paper is folded in several steps. Here the bookbinder's
traditional tool, the folding leg, comes into its own; two examples are
shown in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">5</span>. The folded paper bellows are seen in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">6</span>.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 403px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_8"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-6.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 403px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_56.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_57.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_58.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_59.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_60.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_61.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_62.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 402px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_63.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 6: The bellows from polyester paper<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">Then the fabric and paper bellows are put together with white PVAC glue as seen in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">7</span>. The completed bellows are shown in Photo <span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual">8</span>.<br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 403px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_2 inline-block stroke_9"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-7.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 403px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_64.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_65.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_66.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_67.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_68.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 401px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_69.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_70.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 402px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_71.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 402px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 7: The metalized fabric glued to the paper<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><div style="clear: left; float: left; height: 507px; margin: 7px 7px 7px 1px; position: relative; width: 537px;" class="tinyText style_SkipStroke_1 inline-block stroke_10"><div style="position: relative; overflow: visible;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/Photo-8.jpg" alt="" style="border: none; height: 508px; width: 538px; "><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_72.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 505px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_73.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_74.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: -1px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_75.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: -1px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_76.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 1px; width: 2px; height: 505px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_77.png" style="position: absolute; left: 536px; top: 506px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_78.png" style="position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 506px; width: 535px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"><img src="Machine%20bellows_files/stroke_79.png" style="position: absolute; left: -1px; top: 506px; width: 2px; height: 2px;z-index: auto;"></div></div><span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"></span><span class="style_1" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"></span><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;">Photo 8: The bellows completed.<br></span></div>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><span class="style" style="line-height: 17.1475px;"><br></span></p>
<p class="paragraph_style" xml:lang="--multilingual" style="line-height: 17.1475px;" lang="--multilingual"><br></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 17.1475px;" class="paragraph_style_3" xml:lang="--multilingual" lang="--multilingual">Joerg
Hugel is a Member of the Society of Model &amp; Experimental Engineers
and this article first appeared in the SMEE Journal in February 2014.</p>
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